Page 8 - 20180911 Access Transformation white Paper Final

several areas including extreme broadband (massive bandwidth), massive machine to machine communication (massive number of
short lived connections) and critical machine communication (extreme low latency).

In the fixed wireless context, the most interesting evolution path is extreme broadband. The 5G standard will be defined across the
complete spectrum shown in Figure 5 and provide further improvements on MIMO, higher order encoding and carrier aggregation.

Early pre-5G deployments in the mmWave spectrum at 28 GHz are already quickly moving past the trial stage and into commercial
deployments.

Architecture Upgrade Action

An architecture action here is defined as a change in the access network topology. An architecture action can be used to address the 3rd
lever, spatial scope, to increase the bandwidth per subscriber by reducing the number of subscribers on a shared medium. Another
reason to execute an architecture action is to enable a technology upgrade by reducing the copper distance from the access network
element to the subscriber.

HFC Action - Node Spit/Segmentation

A node split, sometimes called node segmentation, is the
action of introducing new fiber fed nodes in the outside plant
and distributing the subscribers over the new nodes as
illustrated in the figure.

The benefits of executing a HFC node split are:
✓ Increased bandwidth per subscriber
✓ Reduced distance between node and subscriber
✓ Reduced number of active amplifiers
✓ Fiber deeper in the access network

A specific case of a node split is an N+0 split, where enough new nodes are created to make sure that all subscribers can be reached
without the need for active amplifiers on the coax. The amount of subscribes on N+0 nodes is typically so small that further splitting is
not considered as a viable option.
It is common for a node in an HFC architecture to go through multiple node-splits before ending up in N+0 state.

DSL Action - Remote DSLAMS
With DSL being P2P, spatial scope
cannot be improved. The only reason to
perform an architecture action in a DSL
network is to reduce the loop length
(distance from DSLAM to subscriber),
almost always in combination with a
technology upgrade, to enable higher
throughput to the subscriber.
Remote DSLAMS are deployed in the
field and fiber fed from the nearest
aggregation device with P2P fiber,
P2MP fiber or fiber rings. In the outside
plant these can be larger DSLAMs
deployed in a cabinet or vary small
remote DSLAMs in a sealed enclosure.

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